Aeonium Arboreum, commonly known as the Tree Aeonium or Houseleek Tree, is a striking succulent celebrated for its rosette-shaped leaves and vibrant color variations. Native to the Canary Islands and North Africa, this plant brings an exotic flair to any garden or indoor space. Its foliage can range from bright green to deep purple, depending on the variety and light conditions, making it a favorite among plant enthusiasts.
With a woody stem and spoon-shaped leaves, Aeonium Arboreum can grow up to 3 feet tall, creating a bush-like appearance that stands out in succulent arrangements. It’s a hardy plant, easy to care for, and well-suited for beginners and experienced gardeners alike. Whether you want to brighten your windowsill or add texture to your garden bed, this versatile succulent is a stunning choice. In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about growing, caring for, and propagating Aeonium Arboreum for the best results.
What is Aeonium Arboreum?
Aeonium Arboreum is a popular succulent known for its unique rosette-shaped leaves and tree-like growth habit. It belongs to the Crassulaceae family, a group of plants prized for their thick, fleshy leaves that store water, making them drought-tolerant and easy to care for. Native to the Canary Islands and parts of North Africa, Aeonium Arboreum thrives in warm, sunny climates.
The plant typically grows upright, forming a central stem that can reach up to 3 feet tall. Its spoon-shaped leaves form large, compact rosettes that can vary in color from bright green to deep purple, depending on the variety and sunlight exposure. It’s an evergreen succulent, meaning it retains its leaves year-round, and may produce small, star-shaped yellow flowers in the spring or summer.
Origin and History
Aeonium Arboreum has its roots in the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the northwest coast of Africa. The plant is native to these islands, where it grows naturally in rocky, arid landscapes and thrives in mild, Mediterranean-like climates. Its name “Aeonium” is derived from the Greek word aionos, which means “ageless” or “everlasting,” hinting at its resilience and longevity.
The plant’s history is linked to its adaptability; it was first brought to Europe by explorers who admired its unique appearance and ability to thrive in diverse conditions. From there, it became a favorite in succulent collections across the Mediterranean, North Africa, and eventually the Americas. In traditional cultures, Aeonium species were often used in folk medicine for their soothing properties.
In recent years, Aeonium Arboreum has become popular in modern landscaping and container gardening, valued for its striking, sculptural look and ease of care. It’s now cultivated worldwide, from sunny Californian gardens to European greenhouses.
Appearance and Growth Habit of Aeonium Arboreum
Aeonium Arboreum is an eye-catching succulent known for its distinctive look and structured growth pattern. It adds a unique architectural element to gardens, container arrangements, and indoor plant displays. Let’s dive into what makes this plant so visually appealing:
1. Rosette Form
- The defining feature of Aeonium Arboreum is its rosette-shaped leaves. Each rosette resembles a perfectly symmetrical, flower-like arrangement, making it a striking focal point in any setting.
- The rosettes can vary in size, from a few inches wide to over a foot in diameter, depending on the plant’s age and variety.
2. Leaf Shape and Color
- The leaves are thick, spoon-shaped, and slightly fleshy, designed to store water. This adaptation helps the plant survive in dry, arid environments.
- The color of the leaves can range from bright green to deep purple or nearly black, with some varieties showing a gradient or variegated appearance. Sunlight intensity often influences the color; direct sunlight tends to deepen the hues.
3. Woody, Tree-Like Stem
- Aeonium Arboreum grows upright on a thick, woody stem, giving it a tree-like appearance. The stem is brown and often branches out as the plant matures, creating a bushy or shrub-like form.
- The plant can reach heights of up to 3 feet (90 cm) or more, depending on its growing conditions and age.
4. Growth Habit
- Aeonium Arboreum has an upright growth habit with the rosettes forming at the ends of the stems. This growth pattern gives the plant a dramatic, sculptural look, making it a popular choice for container planting and garden borders.
- It is a monocarpic succulent, meaning that each individual rosette will flower once and then die. However, the plant typically produces many offsets or “pups” before this happens, ensuring its continued growth.
5. Seasonal Growth Cycle
- Unlike many succulents, Aeonium Arboreum grows actively during the cooler months (fall and winter) and may enter a semi-dormant state during the summer, especially in hot climates.
- During dormancy, the leaves may curl slightly inward to reduce water loss, giving the rosettes a tighter, more compact look.
6. Flowering
- The plant produces tall, conical flower clusters from the center of mature rosettes, usually in late spring or early summer. The flowers are small, star-shaped, and bright yellow.
- After flowering, the rosette that produced the flowers will die, but the plant usually forms new offsets, which continue the growth cycle.
Popular Varieties of Aeonium Arboreum
Aeonium Arboreum comes in several stunning varieties, each offering unique colors, leaf shapes, and growth patterns. These different types make it a versatile plant for succulent enthusiasts and collectors. Here are some of the most popular varieties of Aeonium Arboreum:
1. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Zwartkop’ (Black Rose)
- This is perhaps the most well-known variety of Aeonium Arboreum, loved for its dramatic, dark purple, almost black rosettes.
- The leaves are glossy and appear nearly black in full sunlight, adding a bold, striking contrast to any succulent arrangement.
- ‘Zwartkop’ grows on a tall, branching stem and can reach up to 3 feet in height, often flowering with bright yellow blooms in late spring.
2. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Atropurpureum’
- This variety is characterized by its deep burgundy to purple leaves, which become darker with increased sun exposure.
- The rosettes are slightly smaller compared to ‘Zwartkop,’ but they still create a dramatic look, especially when paired with other green or silver-toned succulents.
- It grows well in full sun to partial shade and is a great choice for adding color variety to a succulent garden.
3. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Variegata’ (Tricolor)
- The ‘Variegata’ variety, also known as the Tricolor Aeonium, features beautiful, creamy-yellow variegation on its green leaves, sometimes with a hint of pink or red edges.
- This variety is less common but highly sought after for its unique and vibrant color patterns, making it a stunning addition to any plant collection.
- It prefers bright, indirect light to maintain its variegation and needs protection from intense afternoon sun.
4. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Sunburst’
- ‘Sunburst’ is a striking variety known for its large, variegated rosettes with pale yellow, green, and sometimes pink-tinged leaves.
- The leaves often display a sun-kissed appearance, hence the name “Sunburst.” It has a more compact growth habit and typically stays smaller than other varieties.
- This plant thrives in bright light conditions and makes an excellent centerpiece in succulent arrangements.
5. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Cyclops’
- ‘Cyclops’ is a hybrid variety featuring large, dark purple to reddish-black rosettes with a green center, resembling a “cyclops” eye.
- It is a vigorous grower, capable of reaching heights up to 4 feet, with rosettes that can span up to 10 inches in diameter.
- This variety is especially popular in outdoor gardens due to its dramatic size and unique appearance.
6. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Green Rose’
- As the name suggests, ‘Green Rose’ is known for its bright green rosettes that resemble lush, blooming roses.
- It is a fast-growing variety that forms dense clusters, making it a great ground cover or filler plant in garden beds.
- The color stays vibrant year-round, even in lower light conditions, making it an excellent indoor plant as well.
7. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Velour’
- ‘Velour’ is a stunning variety with deep, velvety burgundy leaves that have a slightly softer texture compared to other Aeonium varieties.
- The plant tends to be more compact, with rosettes forming close together on branching stems, creating a dense, bushy appearance.
- It is a great choice for adding texture and color contrast in mixed succulent planters.
8. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Plum Purdy’
- This lesser-known variety features rosettes with a beautiful mix of purple, pink, and green hues.
- The colors intensify with more sunlight, providing a vibrant display throughout the growing season.
- It grows well in containers and makes a striking addition to any succulent collection.
9. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Schwarzkopf’
- Often confused with ‘Zwartkop,’ this variety has a similar dark, nearly black appearance but tends to have a slightly more elongated rosette shape.
- ‘Schwarzkopf’ is highly decorative and often used as a statement plant in succulent arrangements or rock gardens.
- It thrives in full sun and can produce yellow flowers on tall stalks, adding an extra layer of interest during its blooming season.
10. Aeonium Arboreum ‘Purple Crest’
- This unique variety has a crested form, where the rosettes appear to be fused together, creating a wavy, ruffled look.
- The leaves are deep purple with a hint of green at the base, giving it a striking, unusual appearance.
- ‘Purple Crest’ is prized by collectors for its distinctive growth habit and is often used as a focal point in succulent displays.
How to Grow Aeonium Arboreum Successfully
Growing Aeonium Arboreum is a rewarding experience for both beginner and experienced gardeners. This versatile succulent thrives in a variety of environments but requires proper care to showcase its full beauty. Whether you want to grow it indoors as a houseplant or outdoors in a garden, following these guidelines will help you succeed.
1. Choose the Right Location
- Indoors: Aeonium Arboreum grows well in bright, indirect light. Place it near a sunny window where it can get 6-8 hours of light daily. Avoid direct midday sunlight as it can scorch the leaves, especially for variegated varieties.
- Outdoors: If you’re growing Aeonium Arboreum outdoors, choose a spot with partial shade or morning sun. In hot climates, afternoon shade is essential to prevent leaf burn. These succulents can tolerate full sun in cooler regions but need protection from intense heat.
2. Optimal Soil Type
- Aeonium Arboreum prefers well-draining soil to prevent root rot. A cactus or succulent potting mix is ideal, as it ensures good drainage.
- For better aeration, mix standard potting soil with coarse sand, perlite, or pumice in a 2:1 ratio.
- Avoid heavy, clay-based soils that retain moisture, as Aeoniums are prone to root rot when waterlogged.
3. Watering Tips
- Unlike many succulents, Aeonium Arboreum requires more frequent watering, especially during its active growing season (fall to spring).
- Water the plant thoroughly when the top 1-2 inches of soil feel dry. Be sure to let the excess water drain out completely.
- During the summer dormancy period, reduce watering significantly. The leaves may curl up or shed slightly during this time, which is normal and helps the plant conserve moisture.
4. Temperature and Humidity Requirements
- Aeonium Arboreum thrives in temperatures ranging from 65°F to 75°F (18°C to 24°C). It can tolerate cooler temperatures down to 40°F (4°C), but frost can damage the plant.
- These succulents prefer low humidity, making them well-suited to dry, arid climates. Indoors, keep them away from humid areas like bathrooms.
- In colder climates, bring the plant indoors during winter to protect it from frost and freezing temperatures.
5. Fertilizing for Healthy Growth
- Aeonium Arboreum doesn’t require heavy feeding. Use a balanced, diluted liquid fertilizer (half-strength) once a month during the active growing season.
- Avoid fertilizing during the summer dormancy period, as the plant’s growth slows down and it doesn’t need extra nutrients.
6. Pruning and Maintenance
- Prune dead or damaged leaves regularly to keep the plant looking healthy and to prevent pests.
- If the plant becomes leggy, you can trim back the stems to encourage bushier growth. The cuttings can be propagated easily (more on this below).
- After flowering, the rosette that produced the flowers will die. Remove the spent rosette and allow the offsets to continue growing.
7. Repotting Tips
- Repot Aeonium Arboreum every 2-3 years or when the plant outgrows its container. Choose a pot that’s 1-2 inches larger in diameter than the current one.
- Repotting is best done during the active growing season (fall to spring). Gently shake off the old soil from the roots and inspect for any signs of rot before planting in fresh soil.
8. Propagation Methods
- Stem Cuttings: The easiest way to propagate Aeonium Arboreum is by taking stem cuttings. Cut a healthy rosette with about 4-6 inches of stem, let it dry for a few days, and then plant it in well-draining soil.
- Offsets (Pups): Aeoniums naturally produce offsets or “pups” around the base of the plant. These can be gently separated and planted as new plants.
- Seeds: While it’s possible to grow Aeonium Arboreum from seeds, this method is less common and requires patience, as germination can be slow.
9. Common Problems and Solutions
- Leggy Growth: This occurs when the plant doesn’t receive enough light. Move it to a brighter spot to encourage compact growth.
- Leaf Drop: Dropping leaves can be a sign of overwatering, especially during summer dormancy. Reduce watering and check the soil moisture before watering again.
- Pests: Aeonium Arboreum can be affected by pests like aphids, mealybugs, and spider mites. Inspect your plant regularly and treat infestations with insecticidal soap or neem oil.
10. Overwintering Aeonium Arboreum
- If you live in an area with frost or freezing temperatures, bring your Aeonium Arboreum indoors before the first frost.
- Place the plant in a bright, cool location and reduce watering. Avoid placing it near heating vents, which can dry out the plant.
11. Tips for Growing Indoors
- Use a grow light if your home doesn’t get enough natural sunlight. This will help maintain the plant’s vibrant colors and compact growth.
- Ensure good air circulation around the plant to prevent fungal issues. Consider placing a small fan nearby if the air is stagnant.
Troubleshooting Common Problems
Despite being a relatively low-maintenance succulent, Aeonium Arboreum can face some issues if its care needs are not met properly. Let’s go through the most common problems and how you can fix them.
1. Leaf Drop
Problem: The leaves of your Aeonium Arboreum are falling off, and the plant looks sparse or unhealthy.
Cause: Leaf drop is often caused by overwatering, underwatering, or the natural dormancy cycle.
Solution:
- Overwatering: Check the soil moisture. If the soil feels soggy, let it dry out completely before watering again. Ensure the pot has drainage holes to prevent water from sitting in the roots.
- Underwatering: If the plant’s lower leaves are dry and crispy, it may need more water. Increase your watering frequency, especially during the active growing season (fall to spring).
- Dormancy: During summer dormancy, the plant naturally sheds leaves to conserve water. This is normal. Reduce watering and wait for the plant to resume growth in the fall.
2. Leggy Growth
Problem: The stems of your Aeonium Arboreum are elongated, and the plant appears stretched or leggy.
Cause: Insufficient light is the main reason for leggy growth. The plant stretches out to seek more light.
Solution:
- Move your plant to a brighter location with more direct sunlight or strong, indirect light.
- If growing indoors, consider using a grow light to supplement natural sunlight.
- Prune the leggy stems and use the cuttings for propagation.
3. Yellowing Leaves
Problem: The leaves are turning yellow, and the plant looks weak.
Cause: Yellowing leaves can indicate overwatering, nutrient deficiencies, or stress due to sudden changes in environment.
Solution:
- Overwatering: Let the soil dry out between waterings. Check the drainage and repot if the soil is compacted.
- Nutrient Deficiency: Feed the plant with a diluted succulent fertilizer during the growing season to replenish essential nutrients.
- Environmental Stress: If you recently moved the plant, give it time to adjust. Avoid sudden changes in light or temperature.
4. Root Rot
Problem: The plant is wilting, and the base of the stem feels mushy or discolored.
Cause: Root rot is caused by excess moisture in the soil, usually from overwatering or poor drainage.
Solution:
- Remove the plant from its pot and inspect the roots. Trim away any black, mushy roots with sterile scissors.
- Let the plant air out for a day, then repot it in fresh, well-draining succulent soil.
- Water sparingly until the plant shows signs of new growth.
5. Pests and Diseases
Problem: You notice small insects on the plant or signs of damage like discolored spots, sticky residue, or webbing.
Cause: Common pests include aphids, mealybugs, and spider mites, which can be attracted to succulents in poor conditions.
Solution:
- Inspect your plant regularly for pests. If you find any, isolate the plant to prevent the infestation from spreading.
- Treat minor infestations by wiping the leaves with a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol.
- For severe cases, use insecticidal soap or neem oil spray. Be sure to follow the instructions carefully to avoid harming the plant.
6. Sunburned Leaves
Problem: The leaves have brown, crispy edges or patches of discoloration.
Cause: Sunburn can occur if the plant is exposed to intense, direct sunlight for long periods, especially during hot summer months.
Solution:
- Move the plant to a location with partial shade or filtered light, especially if you notice sunburn during peak midday hours.
- Acclimate your Aeonium Arboreum slowly to full sun by increasing its exposure gradually over a few weeks.
7. Dormancy Confusion
Problem: The plant looks like it’s dying during summer, with leaves curling up or dropping off.
Cause: Aeonium Arboreum goes dormant in the summer. During this time, the plant conserves energy and reduces its growth.
Solution:
- Don’t panic! Reduce watering and keep the plant in a cool, shaded area.
- Resume normal care when the plant starts showing new growth in the fall.
8. Stunted Growth
Problem: The plant isn’t growing or appears smaller and weaker over time.
Cause: Poor soil quality, lack of nutrients, or unsuitable growing conditions can stunt growth.
Solution:
- Check the soil. If it’s compacted or lacks drainage, repot your Aeonium Arboreum in a well-draining succulent mix.
- Feed the plant with a balanced, diluted fertilizer during its active growing season.
- Ensure the plant gets enough sunlight and is not exposed to extreme temperatures.
9. Mold or Mildew on Soil Surface
Problem: You notice white or gray mold on the surface of the soil.
Cause: This is typically caused by poor air circulation, overwatering, or high humidity.
Solution:
- Remove the affected top layer of soil and replace it with fresh, dry soil.
- Improve ventilation around the plant, and reduce watering frequency.
- Consider using a fan if growing indoors to increase air circulation.
10. Rosette Dieback After Flowering
Problem: The main rosette dies back after flowering.
Cause: Aeonium Arboreum is a monocarpic plant, meaning the main rosette dies after it blooms.
Solution:
- Remove the dead rosette after flowering. The plant will continue growing through its offsets (pups).
- Encourage new growth by caring for the offsets as you would the main plant.
Conclusion
Aeonium Arboreum is a stunning and versatile succulent that can add a dramatic touch to any garden or indoor space. With its unique foliage and easy-care nature, it’s a great choice for both beginners and experienced gardeners. By following the tips in this guide, you can enjoy a healthy and thriving plant for years to come.
FAQs
- How often should I water Aeonium Arboreum?
Water when the soil is completely dry, usually every 2-3 weeks depending on the climate.
- Can Aeonium Arboreum grow indoors?
Yes, it can thrive indoors if placed in a bright spot with plenty of indirect sunlight.
- Why are the leaves of my Aeonium turning yellow?
Yellow leaves are often a sign of overwatering or poor drainage.
- How can I propagate Aeonium Arboreum?
Propagation is best done through stem cuttings, which root easily in well-draining soil.
- What pests commonly affect Aeonium Arboreum?
Common pests include aphids, mealybugs, and spider mites. Treat them with neem oil or insecticidal soap.
